{"id":1006,"date":"2013-02-19T11:42:52","date_gmt":"2013-02-19T11:42:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/polonus.sk\/?p=1006"},"modified":"2013-02-19T11:42:52","modified_gmt":"2013-02-19T11:42:52","slug":"540-vyrocie-n8rodenin-mikolaja-kopernika","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/540-vyrocie-n8rodenin-mikolaja-kopernika\/","title":{"rendered":"540 v\u00fdro\u010die naroden\u00edn  Mikolaja Kopernika"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:en--><\/p>\n<p><strong>19 February 1473 (Torun) &#8211; 24 May 1543 (Frombork)<\/p>\n<p>a remarkable Polish astronomer &#8211; the creator of the heliocentric theory, mathematician, economist, doctor, lawyer.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Family<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>His father Nicolaus, a merchant from Krakow, moved to Torun in 1456. His mother Barbara Watzenrode came from a well-off family in Torun.<\/p>\n<p>Copernicus had three siblings: an elder brother Andrzej and two elder sisters: Barbara and Katarzyna. After his father&#8217;s death (1483), his uncle Lucas Watzenrode, who was a canon in the Wloclawek Chapter and later the bishop of Warmia, became guardian to young Nicolaus.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Education<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Copenicus attended the parish school of St. John in Torun, and then was sent by his uncle to the school in Wloclawek. From 1491 to 1495 he studied at the University of Krakow, which was then the centre of humanist thought and astronomic studies. He studied both mathematics and classical disciplines, as well as astronomy. In 1496 his uncle Watzenrode sent Nicolaus and his brother to study Law at the University of Bologna. Nicolaus undertook Greek studies and astronomy (Copernicus&#8217;s further research in the latter discipline must have been inspired by his contacts with an Italian astronomer Domenico Maria de Novara). He returned to Poland for several months, and then left for Italy again to pursue Medicine at Padua while continuing to read Law. In 1503 he was awarded the Doctor of Canon Law degree at the University of Ferrara.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Work and public activity<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the years 1506 &#8211; 1512 he mainly remained in Lidzbark Warminski, where he acted as a doctor and Watzenrode&#8217;s secretary. Copernicus and his uncle attended local congresses of the Prussian Estates in Malbork and Elblag (1504 &#8211; 1507). In 1509 he published his Latin translation of the Letters written by Theophylactus Simocattes, a Byzantine historian. A year later he became cannon and moved to Frombork, the seat of the Warmia Chapter. He conducted his astronomic observations and wrote his major work (1515 &#8211; 1530). Copernicus also drew a map of Warmia, Royal Prussia and the Wisla Delta. In the years 1516 &#8211; 1519, and in the middle of 1521, he was promoted to Administrator of the Chapter property in Olsztyn. During the war between Poland and Teutonic Kinghts (1520 &#8211; 1521) he defended the castle in Olsztyn. In the years 1521 &#8211; 1523, when Copernicus was reappointed General Administrator of the Chapter, he held a position of the Commissioner for Warmia. His public activity gradually led him to finances. He drafted a currency reform in 1517. After it had been presented in the Sejmik (local parliament) in Torun (1519) it was extended and delivered in a treatise on the minting of coinage. Copernicus defined the rules of monetary reform based on the improvement and unification of a Polish and Prussian coin. He formulated an economics law, according to which &#8222;bad money drives out good&#8220;, later referred to as the Gresham &#8211; Copernicus law.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Scientific activity in the field of astronomy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The first scientific results of Copernicus&#8217;s research were signalled as early as at the time of his stay in Italy. In 1500 he delivered several lectures in Rome. He mentioned the discovery of the &#8222;New Astronomy&#8220; which reflected his different opinions on the planet structure and movement. The outline of the heliocentric theory was only given in 1510, in a paper entitled the Commentariolus (It was not published, though. The copies circled entire Europe, and only two of these were found as late as in the 19th century).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Major work<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The full account of the heliocentric model of the Solar System took Copernicus approximately twenty years to complete. The work was created in Frombork and contained a lecture on astronomy. It stated that the Earth rotates daily on its axis and revolves yearly around the sun. Copernicus argued, furthermore, that the planets also circle the sun. Georg Joachim van Lauchen, known as Rheticus, a young professor of mathematics and astronomy at the University of Wittenberg, who came to Frombork in 1539, encouraged Copernicus to publish his research results. Rheticus published the shortened copy entitled Narratio Prima in Gdansk in 1540.<\/p>\n<p>A year later the full account of the work (including six volums) was published in N\u00fcrnberg. Andreas Osiander, a Lutheran theologian, who became responsible for editing the text, made considerable changes to the original work as to convince a reader of a hypothetical character of the heliocentric theory whose publication would not collide with the former imagination of the world frame. Without Copernicus&#8217;s consent, Osiander removed Copernicus&#8217;s Preface and inserted his own (unsigned) Letter dedicating it to Pope Paul III. The work appeared in 1543, and was entitled De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres). It is unknown what title was initially given by Copernicus as the original does not have a title page. The title, though, may have been De Revolutionibus, indicating the movement of all the planets, together with the Earth.<\/p>\n<p>Other editions of this work were published by Rheticus in Basle (1566), by M\u00fcller from G\u00f6ttingen in Amsterdam (1617), and in Warsaw (1854) (the edition included Polish translation and the Preface written by Copenicus), and by the Copernican Society in Torun in 1873.<\/p>\n<p>Overthrowing existing views on the world, Copernicus&#8217;s work triggered off numerous religious and ideological disputes. His theory was subject to severe criticism from the church authorities, mainly protestant. The Catholic Church condemned and banned De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium until 1828. However, since the turn of the 16th and 17th c. Copernicus&#8217;s theory gained more and more supporters. G. Bruno, J. Kepler and Galileo were among notable defenders. The Earth&#8217;s orbital movement was confirmed through the discovery of light aberration by J. Bradley in 1728. The breakthrough caused by the heliocentric theory revolutionised all the branches of science providing foundations for the development of modern civilisation.<\/p>\n<p><span>Based on: Encyklopedia PWN (Warszawa, 1983) and the collection of biographies on Copernicus found in the Internet<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.astro.uni-bonn.de\/~pbrosche\/persons\/pers_copernicus.html\">www.astro.uni-bonn.de\/~pbrosche\/persons\/pers_copernicus.html<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--:--><!--:pl--><\/p>\n<p><strong>Miko\u0142aj Kopernik<\/strong>\u00a0\u017cy\u0142 w latach 1473 &#8211; 1543. By\u0142 polskim astronomem, lekarzem i duchownym.\u00a0<strong>Cz\u0142owiek epoki odrodzenia<\/strong>, autor prze\u0142omowego dzie\u0142a\u00a0<strong>&#8222;O obrotach cia\u0142 niebieskich&#8220;<\/strong>\u00a0(&#8222;De Revolutionibus orbium coelestium&#8220;). Dzie\u0142o Miko\u0142aja Kopernika wydane po \u0142acinie w Norymberdze w 1543 roku by\u0142o prze\u0142omow\u0105 praca naukow\u0105. Miko\u0142aj Kopernik ostatecznie wykaza\u0142 i szczeg\u00f3\u0142owo udowodni\u0142 w niej, \u017ce to ziemia obraca si\u0119 wok\u00f3\u0142 s\u0142o\u0144ca, a nie, jak wierzono &#8211; s\u0142o\u0144ce wok\u00f3\u0142 ziemi.\u00a0<strong>Teoria heliocentryczna<\/strong>\u00a0zast\u0105pi\u0142a teori\u0119 geocentryczn\u0105. Odkrycie Miko\u0142aja Kopernika nazywane jest\u00a0<strong>przewrotem kopernika\u0144skim<\/strong>\u00a0w \u015bwiatowej nauce.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u017bycie Miko\u0142aja Kopernika<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Miko\u0142aj Kopernik<\/strong>\u00a0urodzi\u0142 si\u0119 w\u00a0<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/torun.gazeta.pl\/torun\/0,0.html\">Toruniu<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0w 1473 roku, po \u015bmierci ojca wychowywany by\u0142 przez swojego wuja, biskupa\u00a0<strong>warmi\u0144skiego \u0141ukasza Watzenrode<\/strong>. W latach 1492 &#8211; 1495 studiowa\u0142 na\u00a0<strong>Uniwersytecie Jagiello\u0144skim<\/strong>\u00a0w okresie niebywa\u0142ego rozkwitu tej uczelni. Szko\u0142y nie uko\u0144czy\u0142 dyplomem. Przez dwa kolejne lata studiowa\u0142 na Uniwersytecie Bolo\u0144skim, gdzie rozwin\u0105\u0142 zainteresowania astronomiczne i napisa\u0142 pierwsze krytyczne prace o\u00a0<strong>teorii geocentrycznej Ptolemeusza<\/strong>. Do 1503 roku studiowa\u0142 kolejno w Padwie i Rzymie. Uzyska\u0142 tytu\u0142 doktora prawa kanonicznego oraz prawo wykonywania zawodu lekarza.<\/p>\n<p>u\u017c od czas\u00f3w studi\u00f3w wspina\u0142 si\u0119 tak\u017ce po szczeblach hierarchii duchownej &#8211; zosta\u0142\u00a0<strong>kanonikiem warmi\u0144skim<\/strong>. Osiad\u0142 na Warmii, gdzie asystowa\u0142 wujowi, biskupowi warmi\u0144skiemu. Przebywa\u0142 kolejno w Lidzbarku Warmi\u0144skim i we Fromborku, gdzie posiada\u0142 dom, w kt\u00f3rym zorganizowa\u0142 obserwatorium astronomiczne. W tym okresie, opr\u00f3cz dzie\u0142 astronomicznych, tworzy\u0142 te\u017c dzie\u0142a poetyckie. Bra\u0142 udzia\u0142 w wielu wydarzeniach politycznych, w tym koronacji Zygmunta I Starego i sejmie. Sporz\u0105dza\u0142 te\u017c mapy Warmii i Mazur. W latach 1519 &#8211; 1521 bra\u0142 udzia\u0142 w\u00a0<strong>wojnie polsko-krzy\u017cackiej<\/strong>, odpowiada\u0142 mi\u0119dzy innymi za stan fortyfikacji. Opracowa\u0142 nowe fortyfikacje dla zamku w\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/olsztyn.gazeta.pl\/olsztyn\/0,0.html\">Olsztynie<\/a>\u00a0&#8211; Miko\u0142ajowi Kopernikowi przypisuje si\u0119 zas\u0142ug\u0119 skutecznej obrony Olsztyna przed Krzy\u017cakami. Pisa\u0142 te\u017c liczne prace z dziedziny ekonomii.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Teoria heliocentryczna<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Miko\u0142aj Kopernik nie by\u0142 pierwszym naukowcem formu\u0142uj\u0105cym\u00a0<strong>teori\u0119 heliocentryczn\u0105<\/strong>, jednak\u017ce jego zas\u0142uga polega\u0142a na ostatecznym jej udowodnieniu i przekonywaj\u0105cej, wyczerpuj\u0105cej argumentacji. Obali\u0142 w ten spos\u00f3b wcze\u015bniej obowi\u0105zuj\u0105c\u0105 teori\u0119 geocentryczn\u0105, kt\u00f3rej podwa\u017canie\u00a0<strong>Ko\u015bci\u00f3\u0142 katolicki<\/strong>\u00a0uwa\u017ca\u0142 za przejaw herezji. W staro\u017cytno\u015bci teori\u0119 heliocentryczn\u0105 sformu\u0142owa\u0142 ju\u017c Arystach z Samos, hellenistyczny filozof i astronom \u017cyj\u0105cy w III wieku przed nasz\u0105 er\u0105. Arystach z Samos poprzez teori\u0119 heliocentryczn\u0105 pragn\u0105\u0142 obja\u015bni\u0107 zmienno\u015b\u0107 p\u00f3r roku, by\u0142a te\u017c dla niego u\u017cyteczna dla rozwoju geografii i kartografii. Jednak przez wiele stuleci bardziej popularna okaza\u0142a si\u0119 b\u0142\u0119dna teoria geocentryczna Ptolemeusza, \u017cyj\u0105cego w II wieku naszej ery, kt\u00f3ra by\u0142a bli\u017csza potocznemu rozumieniu zjawisk przyrodniczych i plasowa\u0142a ziemi\u0119 w centrum wszech\u015bwiata.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Teoria heliocentryczna Miko\u0142aja Kopernika<\/strong>\u00a0jest w zasadzie bardzo obszernym, nowym komentarzem do obserwacji Arystacha z Samos. W swoim dziele\u00a0<strong>&#8222;O obrotach cia\u0142 niebieskich&#8220;<\/strong>\u00a0Miko\u0142aj Kopernik dokona\u0142 szczeg\u00f3\u0142owego i wyczerpuj\u0105cego przegl\u0105du literatury przedmiotu od czas\u00f3w staro\u017cytno\u015bci. Za najbardziej trafn\u0105 teori\u0119 uzna\u0142 w\u0142a\u015bnie prac\u0119 Arystacha z Samos, uzupe\u0142nion\u0105 o wyniki bada\u0144 w\u0142asnych i nowe przyk\u0142ady. Zasadniczym znaczeniem przewrotu kopernika\u0144skiego nie by\u0142o wi\u0119c dokonanie samego odkrycia heliocentryzmu, ale nowy komentarz i przeciwstawienie si\u0119 teorii geocentrycznej, uznawanej niemal\u017ce za spo\u0142eczno-religijny dogmat. By\u0142o to zgodne z duchem\u00a0<strong>odrodzenia<\/strong>, kt\u00f3re stawia\u0142o ciekawo\u015bci dociekliwo\u015b\u0107 cz\u0142owieka ponad dogmaty, przes\u0105dy i wiar\u0119 natury religijnej.<\/p>\n<p>Miko\u0142ajowi Kopernikowi nie uda\u0142o si\u0119 jednak w pe\u0142ni zg\u0142\u0119bi\u0107 natury ruchu planet dooko\u0142a s\u0142o\u0144ca. Jego za\u0142o\u017cenie, \u017ce planety kr\u0105\u017c\u0105 po kolistych orbitach nie by\u0142o zgodne z prawd\u0105 i w praktyce \u00f3wczesnej astronomii dawa\u0142o wyniki jeszcze bardziej b\u0142\u0119dne, ni\u017c nieprawdziwa teoria ptolemejska. Miko\u0142aj Kopernik za\u0142o\u017cy\u0142 zatem, \u017ce planety, opr\u00f3cz kolistych orbit, poruszaj\u0105 si\u0119 tak\u017ce po dodatkowych orbitach &#8211; epicyklach. Dopiero Johannes Kepler, fizyk i astronom tworz\u0105cy na pocz\u0105tku XVII wieku sformu\u0142uje prawa Keplera, zak\u0142adaj\u0105ce eliptyczny ruch planet oraz uwzgl\u0119dniaj\u0105ce istnienie peryhelium i aphelium. Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesny\u00a0<strong>Johannesowi Keplerowi Galileusz<\/strong>\u00a0by\u0142 kolejnym cz\u0142owiekiem nauki, kt\u00f3ry rozwin\u0105\u0142 teori\u0119 heliocentryczn\u0105. Wszystkie jej zawi\u0142o\u015bci zosta\u0142y odkryte dopiero w XIX wieku.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Heliocentryzm, przewr\u00f3t kopernika\u0144ski a postawa Ko\u015bcio\u0142a katolickiego<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Miko\u0142aj Kopernik<\/strong>\u00a0zwleka\u0142 a\u017c do \u015bmierci z wydaniem swego epokowego dzie\u0142a &#8222;O obrotach sfer niebieskich&#8220;. Cho\u0107 napisane po \u0142acinie dzie\u0142o zawiera\u0142o dedykacj\u0119 dla\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/kulturalnysklep.pl\/Category.aspx?cid=315&#038;utm_source=gazeta.pl&#038;utm_medium=slowaklucze&#038;utm_campaign=Papiez\">papie\u017ca<\/a>\u00a0Piusa III, Miko\u0142aj Kopernik obawia\u0142 si\u0119 reakcji hierarchii ko\u015bcielnej, jego teoria podwa\u017ca\u0142a istotny w\u00f3wczas element kultury katolickiej, jak\u0105 by\u0142o przekonanie o specjalnym statusie ziemi we wszech\u015bwiecie. Dopiero dziewi\u0119tnastowieczne teorie egzegezy i hermeneutyki w studiach biblijnych sprawi\u0142y, \u017ce mo\u017cliwe by\u0142o godzenie teorii naukowych i spraw wiary.<\/p>\n<p>W 1616 roku praca &#8222;<strong>O obrotach cia\u0142 niebieskich<\/strong>&#8220; zosta\u0142a wpisana na ko\u015bcielny indeks ksi\u0105g zakazanych. Sta\u0142o si\u0119 tak na skutek procesu Galileusza, uznanego za heretyka w zwi\u0105zku z rozwijaniem przez niego teorii kopernika\u0144skiej, uznanej za &#8222;bezsensown\u0105&#8220;, &#8222;absurdaln\u0105&#8220;, &#8222;heretyck\u0105&#8220; i &#8222;b\u0142\u0105d w wierze&#8220;. Konflikt\u00a0<strong>Galileusza z Ko\u015bcio\u0142em katolickim<\/strong>\u00a0zako\u0144czy\u0142 si\u0119 skazaniem astronoma w 1633 roku. Praca Miko\u0142aja Kopernika znajdowa\u0142a si\u0119 w indeksie ksi\u0105g zakazanych do XIX wieku. W 1751 roku papie\u017c Benedykt XIV zezwoli na wydanie prac Galileusza i uzna teori\u0119 heliocentryczn\u0105 za dopuszczaln\u0105. &#8222;<strong>O obrotach cia\u0142 niebieskich<\/strong>&#8220; usuni\u0119to z indeksu ksi\u0105g zakazanych dopiero decyzj\u0105 papie\u017ca Piusa VII w 1828 roku. Pierwszy polski przek\u0142ad dzie\u0142a Miko\u0142aja Kopernika ukaza\u0142 si\u0119 dopiero w drugiej po\u0142owie XIX wieku.<\/p>\n<p>Ksi\u0119gozbi\u00f3r Miko\u0142aja Kopernika zosta\u0142 zagarni\u0119ty przez Szwed\u00f3w podczas potopu. Obecnie znajduje si\u0119 w Bibliotece w Uppsali. W 2005 roku odnaleziono gr\u00f3b Miko\u0142aja Kopernika w katedrze we Fromborku. Najs\u0142ynniejszym przedstawieniem Miko\u0142aja Kopernika jest portret z Sali Mieszcza\u0144skiej Ratusza Staromiejskiego w Toruniu namalowany w 1580 roku. Miko\u0142aj Kopernik jest te\u017c bohaterem obrazu Jana Matejki &#8222;Astronom Kopernik rozmawia z Bogiem&#8220; z 1872 roku. Autorem pomika Miko\u0142aja Kopernika w\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/warszawa.gazeta.pl\/warszawa\/0,0.html\">Warszawie<\/a>\u00a0jest du\u0144ski dziewi\u0119tnastowieczny rze\u017abiarz tworz\u0105cy wiele dzie\u0142 dla Polski,\u00a0<strong>Berthel Thorvaldsen<\/strong>. W okresie silnych wp\u0142yw\u00f3w nacjonalizmu (w wieku XIX i na pocz\u0105tku XX) toczy si\u0119 polsko-niemeicki sp\u00f3r o przynale\u017cno\u015b\u0107 narodow\u0105 Miko\u0142aja Kopernika, kt\u00f3ra w jego czasach by\u0142a nieistotna (podczas studi\u00f3w we W\u0142oszech uwa\u017cany by\u0142, jak wszyscy Polacy i Czesi, za Niemca). Cho\u0107 by\u0142 poddanym kr\u00f3l\u00f3w Polski, mieszka\u0142 i tworzy\u0142 na obszarach o silnym wp\u0142ywie kultury niemieckiej.<\/p>\n<p>Ca\u0142y tekst:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.edulandia.pl\/edukacja\/1,124766,6544379,Mikolaj_Kopernik.html#ixzz2LLPbMszi\">http:\/\/www.edulandia.pl\/edukacja\/1,124766,6544379,Mikolaj_Kopernik.html#ixzz2LLPbMszi<\/a><\/p>\n<p><!--:--><!--:SK-->Nicolaus Copernicus je tvorcom priekopn\u00edckej\u00a0<strong>heliocentrickej te\u00f3rie<\/strong>, ktor\u00e1 za stredobod vesm\u00edru nepoklad\u00e1 Zem, ale Slnko. Narodil sa 19. febru\u00e1ra 1473 v po\u013eskom meste Toru\u0148. E\u0161te ako mal\u00fd osirel, staral sa o neho aj jeho s\u00farodencov pr\u00edbuzn\u00fd z matkinej strany.<\/p>\n<p>Mikul\u00e1\u0161 \u0161tudoval filozofiu, medic\u00ednu, matematiku a astron\u00f3miu v Krakove, kde sa zozn\u00e1mil s Ptolemaiov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mom planet\u00e1rnej s\u00fastavy. Venoval sa aj \u0161t\u00fadiu klasick\u00fdch jazykov. Nesk\u00f4r \u0161tudoval v talianskej Padove a v Bologni cirkevn\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo a medic\u00ednu, ktor\u00e1 v tom \u010dase mala bl\u00edzko k astrol\u00f3gii. V Bologni sa Kopernik zdokonalil v praktickej astron\u00f3mii a predpoklad\u00e1 sa, \u017ee v tom \u010dase za\u010dal pochybova\u0165 o spr\u00e1vnosti Ptolemaiovej geocentrickej s\u00fastavy.<\/p>\n<p>Kopernik p\u00f4sobil ako kanonik kapituly vo Fromborku (Po\u013esko). Ustanovil si tri \u017eivotn\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1 \u2013 vykon\u00e1va\u0165 svoje bohoslu\u017eobn\u00e9 povinnosti, neodoprie\u0165 chudobe lek\u00e1rsku pomoc a v\u0161etok vo\u013en\u00fd \u010das venova\u0165 \u0161t\u00fadiu a vede. V\u0161ade, kde \u017eil, zriadil observat\u00f3rium. Jeho pozorovania pohybu Slnka a Zeme posl\u00fa\u017eili nesk\u00f4r pri vytvoren\u00ed gregori\u00e1nskeho kalend\u00e1ra. Venoval sa prekladom vedeck\u00fdch diel do latin\u010diny, je autorom<strong>n\u00e1rodohospod\u00e1rskej \u0161t\u00fadie Monetae cudendae ratio per Nicolaum (Trakt\u00e1t o minci)<\/strong>, v ktorom rie\u0161il probl\u00e9my infl\u00e1cie a navrhol sp\u00f4sob zhodnotenia vtedaj\u0161ej meny. V sporoch preukazoval cit pre spravodlivos\u0165 a vyzna\u010doval sa n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou zn\u00e1\u0161anlivos\u0165ou.<\/p>\n<p>Jeho \u017eivotn\u00fdm dielom je spis\u00a0<strong>Nicolai Copernici Torinensis De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, libri VI (Mikul\u00e1\u0161a Kopernika toru\u0148sk\u00e9ho O obehoch nebesk\u00fdch telies, 6 kn\u00edh)<\/strong>. Pracoval na \u0148om 36 rokov a dokon\u010dil ho v roku 1540. \u00dalohu vyda\u0165 kompletn\u00fd spis o heliocentrickej \u00fastave zveril Kopern\u00edk svojmu \u017eiakovi u\u010dencovi Rheticusovi, ktor\u00fd v predhovore ozna\u010dil heliocentrick\u00fa te\u00f3riu za hypot\u00e9zu z obavy, \u017ee bude ozna\u010den\u00e1 za odporuj\u00facu Biblii.<\/p>\n<p>Kopernik zomrel 24. m\u00e1ja 1543 v po\u013eskom Fromborku vo veku 70 rokov a jeho hrob sa nach\u00e1dza v miestnej katedr\u00e1le.<!--:--><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>19 February 1473 (Torun) &#8211; 24 May 1543 (Frombork) a remarkable Polish astronomer &#8211; the creator of the heliocentric theory, mathematician, economist, doctor, lawyer. Family His father Nicolaus, a merchant from Krakow, moved to Torun in 1456. His mother Barbara Watzenrode came from a well-off family in Torun. Copernicus had three siblings: an elder brother [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":63,"featured_media":1007,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1006","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-z-dejin-polska-zaujimavosti-novinky-aktuality"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1006","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/63"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1006"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1006\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1007"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1006"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1006"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1006"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}