{"id":1155,"date":"2013-05-01T15:53:07","date_gmt":"2013-05-01T13:53:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/polonus.sk\/?p=1155"},"modified":"2014-10-02T12:22:02","modified_gmt":"2014-10-02T10:22:02","slug":"1-maj-sviatok-prace","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/1-maj-sviatok-prace\/","title":{"rendered":"1. m\u00e1j Sviatok pr\u00e1ce"},"content":{"rendered":"

International Workers‘ Day<\/strong>\u00a0(also known as\u00a0May Day<\/strong>) is a celebration of the international\u00a0labour movement<\/a>. May 1 is a national holiday in more than 80 countries and celebrated unofficially in many other countries.International Workers‘ Day is the commemoration of the 1886\u00a0Haymarket affair<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Chicago<\/a>. The police were trying to disperse a public assembly during a general strike for the\u00a0eight-hour workday<\/a>, when an unidentified person threw a bomb at them. The police reacted by firing on the workers, killing four demonstrators. „Reliable witnesses testified that all the pistol flashes came from the center of the street, where the police were standing, and none from the crowd. Moreover, initial newspaper reports made no mention of firing by civilians. A telegraph pole at the scene was filled with bullet holes, all coming from the direction of the police.“[1]<\/a><\/sup>[2]<\/a><\/sup>[3]<\/a><\/sup>[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

In 1889, the first congress of the\u00a0Second International<\/a>, meeting in\u00a0Paris<\/a>\u00a0for the centennial of the\u00a0French Revolution<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0Exposition Universelle<\/a>, following a proposal by Raymond Lavigne, called for international demonstrations on the 1890 anniversary of the Chicago protests.[5]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0May Day was formally recognized as an annual event at the International’s second congress in 1891.[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup><\/p>\n

Subsequently, the\u00a0May Day Riots of 1894<\/a>\u00a0occurred. In 1904, the International Socialist Conference meeting in\u00a0Amsterdam<\/a>\u00a0called on „all\u00a0Social Democratic<\/a>\u00a0Party organizations and\u00a0trade unions<\/a>\u00a0of all countries to demonstrate energetically on May First for the legal establishment of the 8-hour day, for the class demands of the proletariat, and for universal peace.“ The congress made it „mandatory upon the proletarian organizations of all countries to stop work on May 1, wherever it is possible without injury to the workers.“[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

In many countries, the\u00a0working classes<\/a>\u00a0sought to make May Day an official holiday, and their efforts largely succeeded. May Day has long been a focal point for\u00a0demonstrations<\/a>\u00a0by various\u00a0socialist<\/a>,\u00a0communist<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0anarchist<\/a>\u00a0groups. In Germany, May Day coincides with\u00a0Walpurgisnacht<\/a>.[7]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0May Day has been an important official holiday in countries such as the\u00a0People’s Republic of China<\/a>,\u00a0North Korea<\/a>,\u00a0Cuba<\/a>\u00a0and the former\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>. May Day celebrations typically feature elaborate popular and military parades in these countries[citation needed<\/a><\/em>]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

In the United States and Canada, however, the official holiday for workers is\u00a0Labor Day<\/a>\u00a0in September. This day was promoted by the Central Labor Union and the\u00a0Knights of Labor<\/a>, who organized the first parade in\u00a0New York City<\/a>. After the Haymarket Massacre, US President\u00a0Grover Cleveland<\/a>\u00a0feared that commemorating Labor Day on May 1 could become an opportunity to commemorate the affair. Thus he moved in 1887 to support the Labor Day that the Knights supported.[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

In 1955, the\u00a0Catholic Church<\/a>\u00a0dedicated May 1 to „Saint Joseph<\/a>\u00a0The Worker“. The Catholic Church considers Saint Joseph the patron saint of (among others) workers and craftsmen.[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Far-right governments have traditionally sought to repress the message behind International Workers‘ Day, with fascist governments in Portugal, Italy, Germany and Spain abolishing the workers‘ holiday. 1 May in the US is celebrated as\u00a0Loyalty Day<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Americas<\/h2>\n

\u015awi\u0119to Pracy<\/strong>,\u00a0Mi\u0119dzynarodowy Dzie\u0144 Solidarno\u015bci Ludzi Pracy<\/strong>, popularnie zwany\u00a01 Maja<\/em>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0mi\u0119dzynarodowe<\/a>\u00a0\u015bwi\u0119to\u00a0klasy robotniczej<\/a>, obchodzone od 1890 corocznie\u00a01 maja<\/a>. W\u00a0Polsce<\/a>\u00a0\u015awi\u0119to Pracy jest\u00a0\u015bwi\u0119tem pa\u0144stwowym<\/a>\u00a0od 1950[1]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u015awi\u0119to wprowadzi\u0142a w\u00a01889<\/a>\u00a0II Mi\u0119dzynarod\u00f3wka<\/a>\u00a0dla upami\u0119tnienia wydarze\u0144, kt\u00f3re mia\u0142y miejsce w pierwszych dniach maja\u00a01886<\/a>\u00a0r. w\u00a0Chicago<\/a>, w\u00a0Stanach Zjednoczonych<\/a>\u00a0podczas strajku b\u0119d\u0105cego cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 og\u00f3lnokrajowej kampanii na rzecz wprowadzenia 8-godzinnego dnia pracy.Sytuacja w Chicago by\u0142a napi\u0119ta ju\u017c kilka lat przed wydarzeniami z 1886 roku. Fatalne warunki pracy, niskie p\u0142ace i praca do dwunastu godzin na dob\u0119 by\u0142y standardem. Dodatkowo antykapitalistyczne nastroje by\u0142y podsycane przez radykalnych agitator\u00f3w, walcz\u0105cych m.in. o o\u015bmiogodzinny dzie\u0144 pracy. Op\u00f3r robotnik\u00f3w skierowa\u0142 si\u0119 przeciwko w\u0142a\u015bcicielowi firmy McCormick Harvester Co. W wyniku pr\u00f3by modernizacji zak\u0142adu, kt\u00f3ra spowodowa\u0142by zwolnienia ogromnej rzeszy pracownik\u00f3w jego stosunki ze zwi\u0105zkami zawodowymi nie uk\u0142ada\u0142y si\u0119 najlepiej. Poci\u0105gn\u0119\u0142o to za sob\u0105 strajk robotnik\u00f3w, w wyniku kt\u00f3rego w\u0142a\u015bciciel fabryki zmuszony zosta\u0142 do radykalnych ust\u0119pstw. Nie trwa\u0142o to jednak zbyt d\u0142ugo. Ju\u017c w lutym 1886 roku dokona\u0142 zwolnienia wszystkich pracownik\u00f3w. Na ich miejsce powo\u0142a\u0142 ca\u0142kowicie now\u0105 kadr\u0119, kt\u00f3rej bezpiecze\u0144stwa mia\u0142a pilnowa\u0107 kilkudziesi\u0119cioosobowa grupa ochroniarzy.<\/p>\n

Dzia\u0142acze zwi\u0105zkowi szybko przeszli do ofensywy. Rozpocz\u0119li przygotowania do demonstracji zapowiedzianej na pierwszego maja. Jej celem by\u0142o wywalczenie o\u015bmiogodzinnego dnia pracy. Na czele demonstracji sta\u0142\u00a0Albert Parsons<\/a>\u00a0\u2013zwi\u0105zkowiec<\/a>,\u00a0anarchokomunista<\/a>; opowiadaj\u0105cy si\u0119 tak\u017ce m.in. za r\u00f3wnouprawnieniem\u00a0czarnych<\/a>. Pomimo obaw wielu ludzi poch\u00f3d przeszed\u0142 bez rozlewu krwi. Wzi\u0119\u0142o w nim udzia\u0142 przesz\u0142o kilkadziesi\u0105t tysi\u0119cy os\u00f3b.<\/p>\n

Do dalszej ofensywy ruszy\u0142 inny urodzony w\u00a0Niemczech<\/a>\u00a0zwi\u0105zkowiec, anarchista\u00a0August Spies<\/a>, redaktor pracowniczego pisma\u00a0\u201eArbeiter-Zeitung\u201d<\/a>. Zorganizowa\u0142 on trzeciego maja wiec, w trakcie kt\u00f3rego dosz\u0142o do b\u00f3jki mi\u0119dzy wychodz\u0105cymi z zak\u0142adu McCormicka nowymi robotnikami a demonstrantami. Ponad dwustu policjant\u00f3w interweniowa\u0142o u\u017cywaj\u0105c rewolwer\u00f3w i pa\u0142ek. Trudno jest okre\u015bli\u0107 dok\u0142adn\u0105 liczb\u0119 ofiar. Wed\u0142ug r\u00f3\u017cnych \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142 zgin\u0119\u0142o od dw\u00f3ch do pi\u0119ciu robotnik\u00f3w, oko\u0142o sze\u015bciu zosta\u0142o powa\u017cnie postrzelonych, wiele os\u00f3b zosta\u0142o pobitych. Spies zbulwersowany brutalno\u015bci\u0105 policji, apelowa\u0142 do robotnik\u00f3w aby ci stawili si\u0119 na demonstracji nast\u0119pnego dnia.<\/p>\n

Wiec przygotowany przez Spiesa, Parsonsa i\u00a0Samuela Fieldena<\/a>\u00a0mia\u0142 miejsce na placu Haymarket. Przebiega\u0142 zasadniczo bez eksces\u00f3w. Obecny na demonstracji burmistrz Chicago\u00a0Carter Harrison<\/a>, twierdzi\u0142 p\u00f3\u017aniej, i\u017c nic nie wskazywa\u0142o na to \u017ce policja b\u0119dzie musia\u0142a interweniowa\u0107. Pod koniec przem\u00f3wienia Fieldena na skutek obfitych opad\u00f3w deszczu na placu pozosta\u0142o jedynie ok. 200 os\u00f3b. Nagle, z nieznanych powod\u00f3w, 180 policjant\u00f3w dowodzonych przez kapitana Johna Bienfielda ruszy\u0142o do ataku na demonstrant\u00f3w. Nie pomog\u0142y zapewnienia Fieldena, i\u017c demonstracja jest pokojowa.<\/p>\n

Chwil\u0119 p\u00f3\u017aniej w stron\u0119 Policji poszybowa\u0142a bomba. Na miejscu zgin\u0105\u0142 jeden funkcjonariusz, kilkunastu zosta\u0142o rannych. W odpowiedzi policjanci otworzyli ogie\u0144 do demonstruj\u0105cych. Nieznana jest liczba zabitych robotnik\u00f3w. Musia\u0142a by\u0107 jednak znaczna skoro w chaosie jaki zapanowa\u0142 na placu, wielu policjant\u00f3w zosta\u0142o postrzelonych przez swoich koleg\u00f3w. Ca\u0142e wydarzenie znane jest jako\u00a0Haymarket Riot<\/a>.<\/p>\n

W wyniku tych zaj\u015b\u0107 dosz\u0142o do ostrych represji skierowanych przeciwko dzia\u0142aczom zwi\u0105zkowym. Wszystkie te dzia\u0142ania by\u0142y podsycane przez prawicowe i bliskie establishmentowi chicagowskie gazety. Ostatecznie przed s\u0105dem stan\u0119\u0142o osiem os\u00f3b. W tym trzej g\u0142\u00f3wni organizatorzy majowego wiecu i pi\u0119ciu zwi\u0105zkowc\u00f3w, kt\u00f3rzy w wiecu nawet nie uczestniczyli.<\/p>\n

Proces rozpocz\u0105\u0142 si\u0119\u00a021 czerwca<\/a>\u00a01886<\/a>\u00a0roku. Wszystkich oskar\u017cono o zabicie policjanta, kt\u00f3ry zgin\u0105\u0142 na miejscu w wyniku wybuchu. Nie podejrzewano, \u017ce w obliczu braku dowod\u00f3w, oskar\u017ceni mog\u0105 zosta\u0107 skazani na surowe kary. Mimo to, siedem os\u00f3b zosta\u0142o skazanych na \u015bmier\u0107. 11 listopada 1887 roku zostali powieszeni: Parsons, Engel, Spies i Fischer. Dzie\u0144 wcze\u015bniej w celi odebra\u0142 sobie \u017cycie\u00a0Louis Lingg<\/a>. Pozostali skorzystali z prawa \u0142aski i po 7 latach opu\u015bcili wi\u0119zienie. Przyczyni\u0142a si\u0119 do tego kampania prowadzona przez ruch robotniczy, w wyniku kt\u00f3rej wyroki zosta\u0142y anulowane. Obecnie historycy podejrzewaj\u0105, i\u017c bomba zosta\u0142a rzucona przez policyjnego agenta wsp\u00f3\u0142pracuj\u0105cego z kapitanem Johnem Bienfieldem.<\/p>\n

Trzy lata po tragicznych wydarzeniach, czyli w\u00a01889<\/a>\u00a0roku II Mi\u0119dzynarod\u00f3wka uzna\u0142a 1 Maja \u015awi\u0119tem Pracy. Chciano w ten spos\u00f3b doceni\u0107 oddanie dla sprawy licznych ofiar, jakie w wyniku tych zaj\u015b\u0107 poni\u00f3s\u0142 ruch robotniczy.rv\u00fd m\u00e1j je medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdm sviatkom pracuj\u00facich. Uznesenie o oslav\u00e1ch prijal ustanovuj\u00faci kongres II. internacion\u00e1ly roku\u00a01889<\/a>\u00a0v\u00a0Par\u00ed\u017ei<\/a>\u00a0na pam\u00e4\u0165 v\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho\u00a0\u0161trajku<\/a>\u00a0a masov\u00fdch demon\u0161tr\u00e1cii\u00a0chicagsk\u00fdch<\/a>\u00a0robotn\u00edkov ktor\u00e9 sa konali roku\u00a01886<\/a>\u00a0za osemhodinov\u00fd pracovn\u00fd \u010das. V roku\u00a01886<\/a>\u00a0sa v\u0161ade v\u00a0USA<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 od\u00a0New Yorku<\/a>\u00a0po\u00a0San Francisco<\/a>\u00a0zdvihla vlna demon\u0161tr\u00e1ci\u00ed. Centrom boja bolo\u00a0Chicago<\/a>, do ul\u00edc ktor\u00e9ho vy\u0161lo 1. m\u00e1ja 40 000 \u0161trajkuj\u00facich. \u0160trajky pokra\u010dovali e\u0161te dva dni, ale\u00a03. m\u00e1ja<\/a>\u00a0vyu\u017eila pol\u00edcia stretnutie \u0161trajkuj\u00facich so \u0161trajkokazmi a za\u010dala pa\u013ebu do robotn\u00edkov, pri\u010dom \u0161es\u0165 os\u00f4b bolo zabit\u00fdch a p\u00e4\u0165desiat \u0165a\u017eko ranen\u00fdch. Po krvav\u00fdch udalostiach v\u00a0Chicagu<\/a>\u00a0rozp\u00fatali \u00farady v cel\u00fdch\u00a0USA<\/a>\u00a0\u0161tvanice proti robotn\u00edckemu hnutiu a masovo zat\u00fdkali. Po vzniku\u00a0\u010cSR<\/a>\u00a0bol od roku\u00a01919<\/a>\u00a01. m\u00e1j vyhl\u00e1sen\u00fd za\u00a0\u0161t\u00e1tny sviatok<\/a>. Prvom\u00e1jov\u00e9 oslavy sa niesli v duchu boja proti nezamestnanosti a zhor\u0161ovaniu postavenia pracuj\u00facich. V rokoch\u00a01933<\/a>\u00a0\u2013\u00a01938<\/a>\u00a0vyjadrovali protest proti\u00a0fa\u0161izmu<\/a>\u00a0a vojne.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

International Workers‘ Day\u00a0(also known as\u00a0May Day) is a celebration of the international\u00a0labour movement. May 1 is a national holiday in more than 80 countries and celebrated unofficially in many other countries.International Workers‘ Day is the commemoration of the 1886\u00a0Haymarket affair\u00a0in\u00a0Chicago. The police were trying to disperse a public assembly during a general strike for the\u00a0eight-hour […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":63,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[56],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1155","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-udalosti"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1155","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/63"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1155"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1155\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1155"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1155"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1155"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}