{"id":1157,"date":"2013-05-01T15:57:57","date_gmt":"2013-05-01T15:57:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/polonus.sk\/?p=1157"},"modified":"2013-05-01T15:57:57","modified_gmt":"2013-05-01T15:57:57","slug":"ustava-z-3-maja-1791","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/ustava-z-3-maja-1791\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00dastava z 3. maja 1791"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:en-->The\u00a0<strong>Constitution of May\u00a03, 1791<\/strong>\u00a0(<a title=\"Polish language\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polish_language\">Polish<\/a>:\u00a0<em>Konstytucja Trzeciego Maja<\/em>;\u00a0<a title=\"Lithuanian language\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithuanian_language\">Lithuanian<\/a>:\u00a0<em>Gegu\u017e\u0117s tre\u010diosios konstitucija<\/em>) was drafted between October\u00a06, 1788, and May\u00a03, 1791, when it was adopted as a &#8222;Government Act&#8220; (<em>Ustawa rz\u0105dowa<\/em>) by the\u00a0<a title=\"Great Sejm\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Sejm\">Great Sejm<\/a>\u00a0of the\u00a0<a title=\"Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth\">Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth<\/a>\u00a0(a dualistic\u00a0<a title=\"Sovereign state\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sovereign_state\">state<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0<a title=\"Crown of the Kingdom of Poland\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland\">Poland<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a title=\"Grand Duchy of Lithuania\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania\">Lithuania<\/a>\u00a0ruled by a common\u00a0<a title=\"Monarch\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monarch\">monarch<\/a>). The document was designed to redress political defects of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth; the system of &#8222;<a title=\"Golden Liberty\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Golden_Liberty\">Golden Liberty<\/a>&#8220; had conferred disproportionate rights on the\u00a0<a title=\"Nobility\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nobility\">nobility<\/a>\u00a0(<em><a title=\"Szlachta\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Szlachta\">szlachta<\/a><\/em>), and over time had corrupted politics. Its adoption was preceded by a period of agitation for, and gradual introduction of, reforms, beginning with the\u00a0<a title=\"Convocation Sejm (1764)\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convocation_Sejm_(1764)\">Convocation Sejm of 1764<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0<a title=\"Royal elections in Poland\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_elections_in_Poland\">election<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0<a title=\"Stanis\u0142aw August Poniatowski\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski\">Stanis\u0142aw August Poniatowski<\/a>\u00a0as the Commonwealth&#8217;s\u00a0<a title=\"List of Polish monarchs\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Polish_monarchs\">last king<\/a>, and culminating in legislation adopted by the Great Sejm.<\/p>\n<p>The constitution sought to supplant the prevailing anarchy, fostered by some of the country&#8217;s\u00a0<a title=\"Magnate\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magnate\">magnates<\/a>, with a more democratic\u00a0<a title=\"Constitutional monarchy\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitutional_monarchy\">constitutional monarchy<\/a>. It introduced elements of political equality between townspeople and nobility and placed the\u00a0<a title=\"Peasant\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peasant\">peasants<\/a>\u00a0under the protection of the government, thus mitigating the worst abuses of\u00a0<a title=\"Serfdom\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serfdom\">serfdom<\/a>. It banned pernicious parliamentary institutions such as the\u00a0<em><a title=\"Liberum veto\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liberum_veto\">liberum veto<\/a><\/em>, which had put the Sejm at the mercy of any single deputy who could choose, or be\u00a0<a title=\"Bribery\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bribery\">bribed<\/a>\u00a0by an interest or foreign power, to undo all the legislation that had been passed by that Sejm. The constitution&#8217;s adoption met with hostile political and military responses from the Commonwealth&#8217;s neighbors. In the\u00a0<a title=\"War in Defense of the Constitution\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_in_Defense_of_the_Constitution\">War in Defense of the Constitution<\/a>, the Commonwealth&#8217;s ally\u00a0<a title=\"Prussia\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prussia\">Prussia<\/a>, under\u00a0<a title=\"Frederick William II of Prussia\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia\">Frederick William\u00a0II<\/a>, broke its alliance with the Commonwealth, which was effectively defeated by\u00a0<a title=\"Catherine II of Russia\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catherine_II_of_Russia\">Catherine the Great<\/a>&#8218;s<a title=\"Imperial Russia\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperial_Russia\">Imperial Russia<\/a>\u00a0in alliance with the\u00a0<a title=\"Targowica Confederation\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Targowica_Confederation\">Targowica Confederation<\/a>, a coalition of Polish magnates and landless nobility who opposed reforms that might weaken their influence. The King, a principal co-author, eventually capitulated to the Confederates.<\/p>\n<p>British historian\u00a0<a title=\"Norman Davies\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norman_Davies\">Norman Davies<\/a>\u00a0describes the document as &#8222;the first constitution of its type in Europe&#8220;; other historians call it the world&#8217;s second oldest codified constitution after the\u00a0<a title=\"U.S. Constitution\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._Constitution\">U.S. Constitution<\/a>, which had come into effect in 1789.<sup><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution_of_May_3,_1791#cite_note-ab-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution_of_May_3,_1791#cite_note-Moyers2009-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution_of_May_3,_1791#cite_note-LapointeWolenski2009-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution_of_May_3,_1791#cite_note-nd-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution_of_May_3,_1791#endnote_anone\">[a]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The 1791 document remained in force for only 14\u00a0months and 3\u00a0weeks. Yet, despite the King&#8217;s capitulation, the\u00a0<a title=\"Second Partition of Poland\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Partition_of_Poland\">Second Partition of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth<\/a>\u00a0(1793), and the\u00a0<a title=\"Third Partition of Poland\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Third_Partition_of_Poland\">1795 demise<\/a>\u00a0of Poland, the Constitution of May\u00a03, 1791, was seen over the next 123 years as an important step toward the eventual restoration of Poland&#8217;s sovereignty. In the words of two of its co-authors,\u00a0<a title=\"Ignacy Potocki\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ignacy_Potocki\">Ignacy Potocki<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a title=\"Hugo Ko\u0142\u0142\u0105taj\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj\">Hugo Ko\u0142\u0142\u0105taj<\/a>, it was &#8222;the last will and testament of the expiring Country.&#8220;<\/p>\n<p>www.wikipedia.com<!--:--><!--:pl-->Ustawa Rz\u0105dowa, czyli Konstytucja 3 Maja, by\u0142a drug\u0105 na \u015bwiecie, a pierwsz\u0105 w Europie ustaw\u0105 zasadnicz\u0105. Uchwalona na\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wsp.krakow.pl\/kbin\/bss\/hpol\/sejm.html\">Sejmie Czteroletnim<\/a>\u00a0w 1791 roku przez stronnictwo patriotyczne jako rezultat kompromisu ze stronnictwem kr\u00f3lewskim, by\u0142a wynikiem d\u0105\u017ce\u0144 do naprawy stosunk\u00f3w wewn\u0119trznych w Rzeczpospolitej po\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wsp.krakow.pl\/kbin\/bss\/hpol\/rozbiory.html#01\">I rozbiorze<\/a>, ustalaj\u0105c podstawy ustroju nowo\u017cytnego w Polsce.<\/p>\n<h3>Postanowienia konstytucji<\/h3>\n<p>Jej wst\u0119pnym etapem by\u0142o\u00a0Prawo o sejmikach\u00a0z 24 III 1791 roku oraz\u00a0Prawo o miastach\u00a0(kr\u00f3lewskich) z 18 IV 1791 roku. Pozostawia\u0142a ustr\u00f3j stanowy, z pewnymi drobnymi zmianami: znacznie uszczuplono wp\u0142ywy magnaterii na elekcj\u0119, Senat i zarz\u0105d kraju, wykluczaj\u0105c z sejmik\u00f3w szlacht\u0119 nieposesjonat\u00f3w, stanowi\u0105c\u0105 najgorliwsz\u0105 klientel\u0119 magnat\u00f3w. W prawie wyborczym feudalny cenzus urodzenia szlacheckiego zast\u0105piono bur\u017cuazyjnym cenzusem posiadania. Mieszczanom zatwierdzono prawo nabywania d\u00f3br i uzyskiwania nobilitacji.<br \/>\nUtrzymuj\u0105c podda\u0144stwo Konstytucja pozbawia\u0142a szlacht\u0119 prawa najwy\u017cszej zwierzchno\u015bci wobec poddanych, przyjmuj\u0105c ich &#8222;pod opiek\u0119 prawa i rz\u0105du krajowego&#8220;. Indywidualne umowy ch\u0142op\u00f3w z dziedzicami o zamian\u0119 pa\u0144szczyzny na czynsz teraz nie mog\u0142y ju\u017c by\u0107 samodzielnie uniewa\u017cniane przez szlacht\u0119.<br \/>\nPostanowienia Konstytucji centralizowa\u0142y pa\u0144stwo, znosz\u0105c odr\u0119bno\u015b\u0107 mi\u0119dzy Koron\u0105 i Litw\u0105, wprowadzaj\u0105c jednolity rz\u0105d, skarb i wojsko. Za religi\u0119 panuj\u0105c\u0105 uznano katolicyzm, przy zupe\u0142nej tolerancji innych, uznanych przez pa\u0144stwo wyzna\u0144. Konstytucja wprowadzi\u0142a tr\u00f3jpodzia\u0142 w\u0142adzy: w\u0142adz\u0119 ustawodawcz\u0105 mia\u0142 sprawowa\u0107 dwuizbowy Sejm, sk\u0142adaj\u0105cy si\u0119 ze szlachty-posesjonat\u00f3w (204 pos\u0142\u00f3w) i 24 plenipotent\u00f3w miast.<br \/>\nZmniejszono znacznie rol\u0119 Senatu, instrukcje poselskie, konfederacje i liberum veto zosta\u0142y zniesione, decyzje mia\u0142y zapada\u0107 zwyk\u0142\u0105 wi\u0119kszo\u015bci\u0105 g\u0142os\u00f3w. Kadencja Sejmu trwa\u0142a 2 lata, posiedzenia zwo\u0142ywane by\u0142y w razie potrzeby, co 25 lat miano zwo\u0142ywa\u0107 Sejm w celu poprawy konstytucji. W\u0142adz\u0119 wykonawcz\u0105 przyznano kr\u00f3lowi wraz z Rad\u0105, tzw. Stra\u017c\u0105 Praw, z\u0142o\u017con\u0105 z prymasa i 5 ministr\u00f3w: policji, piecz\u0119ci, czyli spraw wewn\u0119trznych, interes\u00f3w zagranicznych, wojny i skarbu, mianowanych przez kr\u00f3la. Ministrowie odpowiadali przed Sejmem za podpisane przez siebie akty. Kr\u00f3l by\u0142 przewodnicz\u0105cym Stra\u017cy, mia\u0142 prawo nominacji biskup\u00f3w, senator\u00f3w, ministr\u00f3w, urz\u0119dnik\u00f3w i oficer\u00f3w, w razie wojny sprawowa\u0142 naczelne dow\u00f3dztwo nad wojskiem.<br \/>\nZniesiono woln\u0105 elekcj\u0119, po \u015bmierci Stanis\u0142awa Augusta tron mia\u0142 by\u0107 dziedziczny, tylko w razie wymarcia rodziny kr\u00f3lewskiej szlachta mia\u0142a wybiera\u0107 now\u0105 dynasti\u0119. Konstytucja zapowiada\u0142a reorganizacj\u0119 s\u0105downictwa, postuluj\u0105c konieczno\u015b\u0107 stworzenia stale urz\u0119duj\u0105cych s\u0105d\u00f3w ziemskich i miejskich oraz sprawuj\u0105cych nad nimi nadz\u00f3r w drugiej instancji Trybuna\u0142em Koronnym i s\u0105dem asesorskim.<br \/>\nPr\u00f3ba przeprowadzenia reform zosta\u0142a przekre\u015blona ju\u017c w po\u0142owie 1792 roku. Przyczyni\u0142a si\u0119 do tego Targowica i wkroczenie wojsk rosyjskich do Rzeczpospolitej.<br \/>\nKonstytucja 3 Maja by\u0142a wielkim osi\u0105gni\u0119ciem narodu chc\u0105cego zachowa\u0107 niezale\u017cno\u015b\u0107 pa\u0144stwow\u0105, zabezpiecza\u0142a mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 rozwoju gospodarczego i politycznego kraju. Do tradycji trzeciomajowych nawi\u0105zywa\u0142y p\u00f3\u017aniej r\u00f3\u017cne kierunki polityczne, dosy\u0107 dowolnie interpretuj\u0105c idee ustawy zasadniczej z 1791 roku.<!--:--><!--:SK--><strong>Ustava z 3. 5. 1791<\/strong>\u00a0(<a title=\"Pol\u0161tina\" href=\"http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pol%C5%A1tina\">pol.<\/a>:\u00a0<strong>Konstytucja 3 maja<\/strong>) byla\u00a0<a title=\"Polsko\" href=\"http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polsko\">polsk\u00e1<\/a>\u00a0\u00fastava schv\u00e1len\u00e1 3. 5. 1791. \u00dastava regulovala pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d\u00a0<a title=\"Polsko-litevsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed (str\u00e1nka neexistuje)\" href=\"http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Polsko-litevsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Polsko-litevsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed<\/a>. Obecn\u011b se soud\u00ed, \u017ee \u00dastava z 3. kv\u011btna 1791 byla prvn\u00ed modern\u00ed psanou \u00fastavou v Evrop\u011b a druhou ve sv\u011bt\u011b (po\u00a0<a title=\"Americk\u00e1 \u00fastava\" href=\"http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Americk%C3%A1_%C3%BAstava\">americk\u00e9 \u00fastav\u011b<\/a>\u00a0z r. 1787)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%9Astava_z_3._kv%C4%9Btna_1791\">http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%9Astava_z_3._kv%C4%9Btna_1791<\/a><!--:--><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The\u00a0Constitution of May\u00a03, 1791\u00a0(Polish:\u00a0Konstytucja Trzeciego Maja;\u00a0Lithuanian:\u00a0Gegu\u017e\u0117s tre\u010diosios konstitucija) was drafted between October\u00a06, 1788, and May\u00a03, 1791, when it was adopted as a &#8222;Government Act&#8220; (Ustawa rz\u0105dowa) by the\u00a0Great Sejm\u00a0of the\u00a0Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth\u00a0(a dualistic\u00a0state\u00a0of\u00a0Poland\u00a0and\u00a0Lithuania\u00a0ruled by a common\u00a0monarch). The document was designed to redress political defects of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth; the system of &#8222;Golden Liberty&#8220; had conferred disproportionate [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":63,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1157","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezaradene"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1157","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/63"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1157"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1157\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1157"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1157"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozpolonus.sk\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1157"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}